UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA     AGRICULTURAL    EXPERIMENT  STATION 
COLLEGE   OF  AGRICULTURE  "EMJ-  '"  WHEELER'  "««'"«« 

THOMAS    FORSYTH    HUNT,    Dean  and  DIRECTOR 

BERKELEY  h.  e.  van  norman,  vice-director  and  dean 

University  Farm  School 


CIRCULAR  No.  187 
December,  1917 


UTILIZING  THE  SORGHUMS 

By  THOMAS  FORSYTH  HUNT 


Domestic  animals  are  storehouses  of  potential  human  food.  These 
storehouses  existed  long  before  man  erected  elevators.  When  food  is 
abundant  it  is  fed  freely  to  domestic  animals,  causing  them  to  increase 
more  rapidly  than  they  are  consumed.  When  food  is  scarce,  animals 
are  sold  freely  because  it  does  not  pay  to  feed  them.  An  unusually 
large  number  of  calves  have  gone  to  market  this  year  because  of  the 
high  price  of  food  stuffs.  Cows  have  been  marketed  during  the  past 
season  because  the  income  from  milk  and  milk  products  at  ruling 
prices  did  not  pay  for  the  cost  of  feed  and  labor.  Chickens  have  been 
sold  because  the  eggs  would  not  pay  for  the  grain  they  ate.  Thus, 
probably,  our  natural  stores  are  being  consumed  faster  than  they  are 
being  replenished.  Had  it  not  been  for  this  fact,  the  cost  of  food 
would  have  gone  still  higher. 

The  process  of  increasing  the  supply  of  meat  is  slow.  If  every 
person  in  the  United  States  would  decide  today  to  raise  beef  there 
would  be  no  more  cows  tomorrow  than  there  are  today.  High  as  meat 
products  have  been,  the  highest  in  many  years,  they  have, been  lower 
than  they  otherwise  would  have  been  had  not  the  high  price  of  grains 
caused  many  farmers  to  sacrifice  their  animals.  It  seems  reasonable 
to  suppose  that  an  abundant  crop  of  Indian  corn,  oats,  and  barley  will 
tend  to  check  the  sale  of  immature  stock.  If  so,  prices  of  meat  must 
rise  before  they  can  fall.  There  can  be  no  considerable  increase  of 
domestic  animals  until  it  becomes  more  profitable  to  feed  coarse  grains 
than  to  sell  them  upon  the  open  market. 

The  first  result  of  an  abundant  supply  and  lower  price  of  grain 
will  be  to  increase  the  breeding  of  hogs  and  to  increase  the  production 
of  butter  and  eggs.  The  increase  of  mutton  will  be  slow,  and  of  beef 
still  slower.  The  high  price  of  wool  and  of  mutton  will  tend  to  in- 
crease the  number  of  sheep,  but  while  this  increase  is  going  on  the 
marketing  of  sheep  will  be  retarded. 


More  than  one-half  the  expenditure  for  food  in  America  is  for 
meats  or  other  forms  of  protein.  To  illustrate  this  fact,  the  following 
table  is  quoted  from  Circular  No.  163  of  this  station,  published  in 
April,  1917 : 

Total  expended  per  family  Total 

Food    Materials  A  v.  Min.  Av.  Max.  Av.  Min.  Av.  Max 

Protein — 

Milk $  68.40  $  87.30 

Meat 136.80  194.00 

Eggs    28.50  72.75 

Beans    2.10  2.40           $235.80           $356.45 

Fats- 
Butter   29.75  50.75 

Oil   and  fat 17.00  29.00               46.75                79.75 

Starchy  foods — 

Flour  22.80  24.25 

Cereals    12.00  13.58 

Macaroni    2.80  2.80 

Rice   2.10  2.40 

Potatoes    28.50  38.80                68.20               81.43 

Fruits  and  vegetables- — 

Fruits    28.50  48.50 

Green    vegetables  ' 27.36  34.92                55.86               83.42 

Sugar — 

Sugar    19.00  27.20 

Tea  and  coffee 10.20  21.90                29.20               49.10 

$435.87  $650.55 

Per  person  per  day $  0.238  $  0.356 

Sundries,   including  such  articles   as  chocolate,    cornstarch,   baking  powder,    sago,    gelatine, 
flavorings,   spices  and  all  dainties   and  extras,   have  been  omitted. 

The  family  consists  of  father  and  mother,  son  16,  daughters  10  and  3  years,  respectively. 


In  arriving  at  the  figures  here  given  potatoes  and  flour  were  esti- 
mated at  five  cents  per  pound,  while  meat  was  included  at  twenty 
cents  per  pound  to  the  consumer.  Important  as  potatoes  are  in  our 
dietary,  it  will  be  noted  that  at  five  cents  per  pound,  which  is  twice  the 
normal  price  to  the  consumer,  they  represent  approximately  six  per 
cent  of  the  cost  of  food  in  an  ordinary  household.  When  a  man  goes 
into  a  restaurant  for  lunch  he  may  obtain  a  meat  order  for  thirty-five 
cents,  a  baked  potato  for  five  or  ten  cents,  and  have  bread  and  butter 
included  without  extra  charge.  By  far  the  easiest  method  of  reducing 
the  amount  of  expense  for  food  is  to  reduce  the  amount  of  meat  eaten. 
It  is  one  of  the  readiest  means  of  helping  our  allies.  The  reason  more 
emphasis  has  been  placed  upon  wheat  than  upon  meats  is  because  the 
decrease  in  the  supply  of  meat  is  less  obvious.  The  country  has  more 
than  a  one  year's  supply  of  meat. 


One  of  the  simplest  ways  of  making  possible  an  increased  meat 
production  in  California  is  to  raise  sorghums  either  for  grain  or 
silage.  If  food  products  are  to  be  increased  and  the  price  of  foods 
lowered  there  must  be  a  starting  point  somewhere.  Under  existing 
conditions  that  starting  point  is  when  the  point  of  a  plow  enters  the 
ground.  There  are  many  thousands  of  acres  of  land  now  producing 
under  a  scanty  pasture  perhaps  less  than  fifty  pounds  of  beef  per 
acre,  which  can  be  made,  if  planted  to  grain  sorghums,  to  produce  400 
to  1000  pounds  of  pork  or  its  equivalent  of  milk  or  eggs.  Grain  sorg- 
hums1 can  be  fed  to  domestic  animals  under  any  circumstances  where 
Indian  corn  or  barley  meal  would  be  appropriate.  They  make  in  every 
way  a  satisfactory  substitute.  In  other  cases  Indian  corn  or  Sudan 
grass  may  be  grown. 

When  to  choose  certain  of  these  crops  has  been  discussed  by  Gil- 
more  as  follows : 

WHEN   TO   CHOOSE   CERTAIN    CROPS 

Sorghums — 

Sorghums  are  primarily  dry  land  crops,  although  they  respond  to  irrigation. 
They  are  planted  after  the  soil  becomes  warm  and  dangers  of  severe  cold 
are  over. 

The  sorghums  are  most  economically  grown  where  they  can  be  fed  on  the  land 
where  grown.  The  grain,  however,  has  a  market  value,  and  is  used  largely 
for  stock  food. 

During  the  growing  season  they  should  be  cultivated  as  the  destruction  of 
weeds,  the  demands  for  moisture,  and  the  maintenance  of  physical  condi- 
tion require. 

Dwarf  Milo — 

1.  For  earliest  planting  (latter  part  of  April).     Germinates  under  wider  range 

of  moisture  and  temperature  than  others. 

2.  On  heaviest  and  lightest  soils.     More  hardy  under  adverse  soil  conditions. 

3.  When  in  doubt  as  to  value  of  other  varieties;  apparently  the  most  generally 

adaptable. 

Feterita — 

1.  When  bird  damage  to  other  varieties  is  expected.     Birds  seem  to  hold  this 

variety  in  second  choice. 

2.  When  soil  is  in  prime  condition  as  to  moisture  and  temperature.     Feterita  is 

less  hardy  than  other  varieties  in  this  respect. 

3.  For  mid-season  planting   (during  May). 

Egyptian  Corn — 

1.  For  late  planting. 

2.  Where  moisture  supply  is  very  deficient. 


i  The  general  term  ' l  Grain  Sorghum ' '  is  here  used  to  denote  any  of  the  non- 
saccarhine  sorghums  grown  for  their  grain,  such  as  dwarf  milo,  feterita  and 
Egyptian  corn. 


3.  Where  forage  is  of  little  importance. 

This  variety  is  very  similar  to  Milo  in  its  adaptabilities  and  conditions  of 
planting.  It  is  not  quite  so  hardy,  however,  and  is  a  little  more  subject 
to  shattering. 

Sweet  Sorghums — 

1.  Where  irrigation  is  available,  hence  their  longer   growing  period  produces 

more  dry  matter  per  acre. 

2.  Pound  for   pound  they   are   a  little  more   nutritious  than   grain   sorghums 

when  made  into  silage  and  generally  water  does  not  have  to  be  added. 

3.  When  green  feed  is  desired  for  soiling,  for  they  renew  their  growth  several 

times  after  cutting. 

Indian  Corn — 

1.  Where    previous    experience    has    proved    its    success.      Indian    corn    is    less 

adaptable  to  California  climate  than  the  grain  sorghums. 

2.  Where    summer   temperatures   are    relatively   warm   and   humid.      Dry,    hot 

winds  often  damage  the  crop  severely. 

3.  Where  irrigation   is  available.     This  crop   requires   more   moisture   than  is 

usually  available  from  rainfall  only. 
Corn  is  an  excellent  crop  where  it  can  be  grown,  for  it  produces  more  nutri- 
ents per  acre  than  any  other  cereal.     It  can  be  most  economically  used 
when  preserved  as  silage,  as  food  for  cattle. 

Sudan  Grass — 

1.  Where  moisture  conditions  are  inadequate  for  the  production  of  sorghums. 

Sudan  grass  will  grow  on  a  more  restricted  supply  of  moisture  than  the 
sorghums. 

2.  Where  costs   of  harvesting  must  be   reduced.      Tonnage   of   forage   can   be 

produced  at  less  expense  than  corn  or  sorghums. 

3.  Where  annual  crops  are  desired  on  land  that  would  otherwise  have  to  be 

summer  fallowed. 

4.  When  alfalfa  cannot  be  grown  because  of  soil  type  or  lack  of  water  for 

irrigation. 

If  the  land  has  been  properly  prepared  during  the  previous  fall 
or  winter  dwarf  milo  planted  in  May  on  good  land  in  the  Sacramento 
or  San  Joaquin  Valleys,  where  rainfall  is  ten  or  more  inches,  may  pro- 
duce without  irrigation  from  two  to  five  thousand  pounds  of  grain  per 
acre.  Under  irrigation  the  upper  limit  may  be  readily  obtained.  One 
thousand  pounds  of  grain  sorghum  when  fed  to  pigs  will  produce 
about  200  pounds  of  pork.  The  gross  yield  of  pork  from  an  acre  of 
grain  sorghum  may  be,  therefore,  from  400  to  1000  pounds  per  acre. 
The  beginner  should  expect  the  lower  return,  although  the  upper  limit 
is  not  too  high  for  an  inexperienced  man.  As  hogs  had  best  be  mar- 
keted at  about  200  pounds,  it  will  require  one  pig  for  each  thousand 
pounds  of  grain  sorghum  raised.  If  bred  twice  a  year  a  sow  may 
raise  eight  pigs.  On  the  basis  of  2000  pounds  of  grain  sorghum  per 
acre,  one  sow  to  four  acres  would  be  required. 

The  above  statements  are  based  upon  the   exclusive   feeding   of 


grain  sorghum.  This  is,  of  course,  not  done  because  pigs  require  more 
protein  and  mineral  constituents  than  can  be  obtained  from  grain 
sorghum.  The  usual  source  of  this  deficiency  is  alfalfa  pasture,  skim 
milk,  wheat  middlings,  digester  tankage,  or  similar  packing-house  by- 
products. In  practice  perhaps  one-fourth  of  the  food  consumed  will 
come  from  some  other  source  than  the  grain  sorghums.  Inasmuch, 
however,  as  the  sows  must  be  maintained,  the  figures  given  above  are 
sufficient  guide  to  enable  one  to  estimate  the  number  of  sows  to  be 
kept  and  the  gross  return  which  may  be  obtained  from  an  acre  of 
grain  sorghum. 

Grain  sorghum  is  already  extensively  fed  to  poultry.  Large  quan- 
tities are  shipped  to  poultry  centers  for  this  purpose.  More  of  this 
grain,  however,  should  be  fed  to  poultry  on  the  farm  where  the  grain 
is  produced.  If  an  acre  of  dwarf  milo  produces  2000  pounds  of  grain, 
when  supplemented  with  500  pounds  each  of  bran  and  shorts,  it  will 
be  sufficient  for  the  grain  ration  of  fifty  hens,  which  may  reasonably 
produce  500  dozen  eggs. 

Hauser  has  discussed  the  use  of  grain  sorghum  where  poultry  are 
kept  merely  as  an  adjunct  to  other  farming  operations : 

FEEDING    POULTRY 

With  2000  pounds  of  Egyptian  corn,  500  pounds  of  bran,  500  pounds  of  shorts, 
50  hens  can  be  kept  for  one  year  assuming  that  they  pick  up  20%  of  their  feed 
on  range.  This  does  not  include  feed  for  rearing  chicks.  Besides  the  above  feeds, 
the  fowls  should  be  given  table  scraps  and  when  available  all  the  sour  skimmed 
milk  they  will  drink,  which  will  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  15  to  20  pounds  daily. 

The  birds  should  have  an  abundance  of  green  feed,  such  as  alfalfa,  clover, 
beets,  etc. 

Plenty  of  clean,  fresh  water  is  necessary  for  egg  production.  A  fowl's  body 
is  55%  water,  an  egg  is  65%  and  one  dozen  eggs  contain  about  one  pint  of  water. 

Only  a  light  feed  of  grain  sorghum  should  be  given  in  the  morning,  so  that 
the  birds  will  be  inclined  to  range  and  hunt  for  feed  for  themselves.  Fowls  should 
be  given  all  the  grain  sorghum  they  will  eat  at  night.  The  dry  mash  of  equal 
parts  of  wheat  bran  and  shorts  should  be  before  them  all  the  time. 

Hens  are  naturally  grain  eaters  and  would  keep  healthy  if  fed  on  a  ration  of 
grain  alone,  but  they  would  not  lay  many  eggs.  A  mash  should  be  fed  to  hens 
because  being  already  ground  it  is  quickly  digested  and  on  that  account  may 
greatly  assist  in  egg  production. 

If  the  average  farm  ration  of  corn  was  supplanted  by  hoppers  filled  with  bran 
and  shorts,  and  pans  filled  with  sour  skimmed  milk,  egg  production  would  increase. 
The  dry  mash  should  be  kept  in  a  hopper  before  such  fowls  as  Leghorns  at  all 
times.  For  older  hens  of  the  Plymouth  Eock  breed  and  other  heavy  breeds,  the 
hopper  may  have  to  be  kept  closed  until  1  p.m.  each  day,  as  these  fowls  have  a 
tendency  to  eat  too  much  mash  and  as  a  result  become  overfat. 

Have  plenty  of  oyster  shells,  grit  and  charcoal  before  the  birds  at  all  times. 

Birds  that  are  properly  selected  and  properly  housed  ought  to  lay  approxi- 
mately 100  to  120  eggs  per  hen  per  year. 


The  time  has  now  arrived  when  many  farmers  can  profitably  keep 
small  flocks  (say  forty  to  fifty)  of  mutton  sheep.  The  waste  growth 
on  many  California  farms  can  be  profitably  utilized  by  them  under 
proper  management.  However,  it  will  be  found  generally  that  some 
provision  must  be  made  against  periods  of  the  year  when  the  sheep 
cannot  obtain  sufficient  food  from  the  waste  material.  Silage  will 
supply  this  need.  The  latter  will,  of  course,  not  be  feasible  for  small 
flocks  of  sheep  unless  silage  is  required  for  dairy  or  beef  cattle.  A 
circular  by  Miller  gives  full,  although  concise,  information  concern- 
ing the  management  of  sheep  under  valley  conditions. 

Up  to  the  present  time  the  production  of  beef,  mutton,  and  wool 
in  the  western  third  of  the  United  States  has  been  largely  dependent 
upon  the  native  grasses.  To  some  extent  alfalfa  has  supplemented 
the  feed  in  the  winter  and  grain  stubble  in  the  summer.  Finished 
beef,  as  understood  by  feeders  in  the  central  western  states,  is  prac- 
tically unknown  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Unfortunately  the  necessary 
experimental  data  required  to  determine  to  what  extent  finished  beef 
can  be  profitably  produced  is  not  at  hand.  It  seems  safe  to  assert, 
however,  that  much  greater  production  of  cereals  and  forage  crops 
for  the  feeding  of  beef  cattle  is  justified  under  existing  conditions. 
Some  stock  men  need  to  add  farming  to  their  activities  and  many 
farmers  need  to  increase  their  live  stock.  At  present  prices  the  loss 
of  150  cattle  during  a  season  owing  to  starvation  would  pay  for  a 
large  quantity  of  hay,  if  not  for  some  grain  in  addition.  A  policy 
which  permits  large  losses  of  cattle  and  sheep  through  starvation  can 
hardly  be  considered  a  good  public  policy,  though  under  past  methods 
it  may  not  have  prevented  individual  feeders  from  making  money. 

In  California  perhaps  the  most  important  single  item  tending  to 
increase  animal  production,  including  dairy  products,  is  the  building 
of  silos.  This  is  not  because  there  are  any  magical  food  qualities  in 
silage,  but  chiefly  because  if  a  stockman  or  dairyman  has  a  silo  he 
will  raise  something  with  which  to  fill  it.  This  in  California  will  be 
generally  some  crop  which  he  has  not  hitherto  raised.  It  is  likely  to 
be  Indian  corn,  sweet  sorghum,  or  Egyptian  corn.  The  investigations 
at  the  University  Farm  at  Davis  indicate  that  the  sweet  sorghums  are 
well  adapted  for  silage  purposes. 

Madson  reports  having  obtained  without  irrigation  at  the  Univer- 
sity Farm,  Davis,  during  the  past  three  years  an  average  yield  of  27.4 
tons  of  green  forage  per  acre  with  Honey  Sorghum.  The  lowest  yield 
was  obtained  from  Early  Amber,  a  dwarf,  early-maturing  variety, 
which  gave  an  average  yield  of  12.4  tons  per  acre.  Tavernetti  reports 
average  yields  per  acre  of  several  silage  crops  during  two  seasons 


with  one  irrigation  as  follows:  Indian  corn,  10.2  tons;  milo,  11.3 
tons ;  feterita,  10  tons ;  sudan  grass,  12.2  tons ;  Early  Amber  sorghum, 
13.4  tons ;  Honey  sorghum,  19.3  tons ;  and  Orange  sorghum,  22.7  tons.2 
Taking  ten  tons  as  a  basis,  ten  acres  would  be  required  to  fill  a  100-ton 
silo.  A  ton  of  silage  is  sufficient  to  feed  fifty  cows  or  an  equal  number 
of  steers  per  day  when  fed  with  alfalfa.  Thus,  eight  to  ten  acres  is 
sufficient  to  raise  the  silage  required  for  fifty  head  of  cattle  for  100 
days. 

The  University  of  California,  College  of  Agriculture  will  furnish 
plans  and  supervise  without  expense  the  building  of  silos  by  com- 
munity effort.  This  work  is  usually  conducted  through  the  farm 
advisors  in  farm  bureau  centers.  The  College,  however,  will  send 
representatives  to  any  county  when  a  community  desires  to  construct 
a  silo  as  an  illustration  for  other  farmers  in  the  neighborhood. 
Materials  cost  about  $1.50  per  ton  capacity.  By  growing  Indian  corn 
or  sweet  sorghum  for  silage  there  can  be  brought  about  large  increases 
in  the  production  of  beef,  mutton,  wool,  milk,  butter  and  cheese.  By 
the  use  of  grain  sorghums  pork  and  egg  production  can  be  extensively 
increased. 


Univ.  of  Cal.  Agr.  Expt.  Sta.  Bull.  282,  p.  20. 


STATION    PUBLICATIONS    AVAILABLE   FOR   FREE    DISTRIBUTION 


1897. 

1902. 
1903. 
1904. 
1914. 

1915. 

1916. 

1917. 


REPORTS 

Resistant  Vines,   their  Selection,   Adaptation,   and  Grafting.      Appendix  to  Viticultural 

Report  for  1896. 
Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment   Station  for   1898-1901. 
Report  of  the  Agricultural   Experiment  Station  for   1901-03. 
Twenty-second  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  for   1903-04. 
Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural   Experiment  Station,    July, 

1913-June,    1914. 
Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station,    July, 

19«14-June,    1915. 
Report  of  the  College  of  Agriculture   and  the  Agricultural   Experiment   Station,    July, 

1915-June,    1916. 
Report  of  the   College  of  Agriculture  and  the   Agricultural   Experiment    Station,   July, 

1916-June,   1917. 

BULLETINS 


No. 

230. 
241. 
242. 
246. 
248. 

249. 
250. 
251. 


262. 
253. 

255. 
257. 
261. 

262. 

263. 

264. 
265. 
266. 

267. 
268. 


No. 
113. 
114. 
115. 
121. 

124. 
126. 
127. 
128. 
129. 
131. 
133. 
134. 
135. 
136. 
137. 
138. 
139. 


140. 


142. 

143. 

144. 
145. 

14  7. 
148. 
150. 
151. 


No. 

Enological  Investigations.  270. 
Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  I. 
Humus  in  California  Soils. 

Vine  Pruning  in  California,  Part  II.  271. 

The  Economic  Value  of   Pacific  Coast  272. 

Kelps.  273. 
Stock-Poisoning  Plants  of  California. 

The  Loquat.  274. 
Utilization  of  the  Nitrogen  and  Organic 

Matter   in    Septic    and    Imhoff    Tank  275. 

Sludges. 

Deterioration  of  Lumber.  276. 

Irrigation   and   Soil   Conditions   in   the  277. 

Sierra  Nevada  Foothills,  California.  278. 

The   Citricola    Scale.  279. 

New  Dosage  Tables.  280. 
Melaxuma    of    the    Walnut,     "Juglans 

regia."  281. 
Citrus   Diseases   of   Florida   and   Cuba 

Compared  with  Those  of  California.  282. 
Size  Grade  for  Ripe  Olives. 

The  Calibration  of  the  Leakage  Meter.  283. 

Cottonv  Rot  of  Lemons  in   California.  284. 

A  Spotting  of  Citrus  Fruits  Due  to  the  285. 

Action  of  Oil  Liberated  from  the  Rind.  286. 

Experiments  with  Stocks  for  Citrus.  287. 
Growing  and  Grafting  Olive  Seedlings. 

CIRCULARS 
No. 
152. 

153. 

154. 

155. 
156. 
157. 
158. 
160. 
161. 
162. 

164. 
165. 

166. 
167. 
168. 

169. 
170. 

171. 
172. 
173. 

174. 
175. 

176. 

177. 
178. 


Correspondence  Courses  in  Agriculture. 

Increasing  the  Dutv  of  Water. 

Grafting  Vinifera  Vineyards. 

Some  Things  the  Prospective  Settler 
Should  Know. 

Alfalfa   Silage  for  Fattening  Steers. 

Spraying  for  the  Grape  Leaf  Hopper. 

House  Fumigation. 

Insecticide  Formulas. 

The  Control  of  Citrus  Insects. 

Spraying  for  Control  of  Walnut  Aphi? 

County  Farm  Adviser. 

Control  of  Raisin   Insects. 

Official  Tests  of  Dairy  Cows. 

Melilotus  Indica. 

Wood  Decay  in  Orchard  Trees. 

The  Silo  in  California  Agriculture. 

The  Generation  of  Hvdrocvanic  Acid 
Gas  in  Fumigation  by  Portable  Ma- 
chines. 

The  Practical  Application  of  Imnroved 
Methods  of  Fermentation  in  Califor- 
nia Wineries  during  1913  and  1914. 

Standard  Insecticides  and  Fungicides 
versus  Secret  Preparations. 

Practical  and  Inexpensive  Poultry  Ap- 
pliances. 

Control  of  Grasshoppers  in  Imperial 
Valley. 

Oidium  or  Powdery  Mildew  of  the  Vine. 

Suggestions  to  Poultrymen  concerning 
Chicken  Pox. 

Tomato  Growing  in  California. 

"Lungworms." 

Round  Worms  in  Poultry. 

Feeding  and  Management  of  Hogs. 


A  Comparison  ot  Annual  Cropping,  Bi- 
ennial Cropping,  and  Green  Manures 
on  the  Yield  of  Wheat. 

Feeding  Dairy  Calves  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Preliminary  Report  on  Kearney  Vine- 
yard Experimental  Drain. 

The  Common  Honey  Bee  as  an  Agent 
in   Prune   Pollination. 

The  Cultivation  of  Belladonna  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  Pomegranate. 

Sudan  Grass. 

Grain   Sorghums. 

Irrigation  of  Rice  in  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley. 

Control  of  the  Pocket  Gophers  in  Cali- 
fornia. 

Trials  with  California  Silage  Crops  for 
Dairy  Cows. 

The  Olive  Insects  of  California. 

Irrigation  of  Alfalfa  in  Imperial  Valley. 

The  Milch  Goat  in  California. 

Commercial  Fertilizers. 

Vinegar  from  Waste  Fruits. 


Some  Observations  on  the  Bulk  Hand- 
ling of  Grain  in  California. 
Announcement  of  the  California   State 

Dairy  Cow  Competition,   1916-18. 
Irrigation   Practice  in   Growing   Small 

Fruits  in  California. 
Bovine  Tuberculosis. 
How  to  Operate  an  Incubator. 
Control  of  the  Pear  Scab. 
Home  and  Farm  Canning. 
Lettuce    Growing   in    California. 
Potatoes  in   California. 
White    Diarrhoea    and    Coccidiosis    of 

Chicks. 
Small  Fruit  Culture  in  California. 
Fundamentals    of    Sugar    Beet    under 

California  Conditions. 
The  County  Farm  Bureau. 
Feeding  Stuffs  of  Minor  Importance. 
Spraying  for  the  Control  of  Wild  Morn- 

ing-GIory  within  the  Fog  Belt. 
The   1918   Grain    Crop. 
Fertilizing     California     Soils     for     the 

1918    Crop. 
The   Fertilization   of   Citrus. 
Wheat    Culture. 
The    Construction    of    the   Wood-Hoop 

Silo. 
Farm  Drainage  Methods. 
Progress  Report  on  the  Marketing  and 

Distribution    of    Milk. 
Hog      Cholera      Prevention      and     the 

Serum    Treatment. 
Grain    Sorghum    Seed. 
The   Packing  of  Apples  in   California. 


